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Announcing the release of Spice v2.0-rc.1! 🚀

v2.0.0-rc.1 is the first release candidate for early testing of v2.0.

Highlights in this release candidate include:

• Active-Active Highly-Available Distributed Query that is object-store-native and built on Apache Ballista, with dynamic cluster sizing, distributed ingestion, and cluster observability
• Spice Cayenne RC with staged append writes, file-based retention deletes, composite partitioning, and distributed ingestion
• DataFusion v52.2.0 Upgrade with sort pushdown, a new merge join, and dynamic filters
• DDL Support for CREATE TABLE and DROP TABLE via SQL for Iceberg and Cayenne catalogs
• DuckLake Catalog & Data Connector for lakehouse-style data management
• GCS Data Connector (Alpha) for Google Cloud Storage
• Rust CLI Rewrite for a unified single-binary experience
• Dependency upgrades including DuckDB v1.4.4, delta_kernel v0.18.2, and mistral.rs

Spice v2.0 includes several breaking changes. Review the breaking changes section before upgrading.

What's New in v2.0.0-rc.1​

Active-Active HA Distributed Query​

Distributed Query exits Beta with active-active highly-available object-store-based distributed query.

Distributed query supports two execution modes:

• Synchronous: Queries for accelerated datasets are distributed across executors and results are streamed back in real-time. Non-accelerated datasets execute only on the scheduler. Best for interactive queries where low latency is critical.
• Asynchronous: Queries are submitted via the new HTTP-only /v1/queries API and results are materialized to object storage for later retrieval. Best for long-running analytical workloads, batch processing, and non-accelerated datasets in distributed mode.

Key improvements:

• Dynamic Cluster Sizing: The query planner automatically adjusts parallelism based on the number of active executors in the cluster, ensuring optimal resource utilization as nodes are added or removed.
• Distributed Ingestion: Data ingestion for partitioned accelerated tables is now distributed across executor nodes, enabling higher throughput and parallel data loading in cluster mode. Regular (non-partitioned) accelerated tables do not distribute ingestion loads.
• Synchronous Execution on Scheduler: /v1/sql and FlightSQL queries now execute synchronously on the scheduler when appropriate, reducing inter-node overhead for queries that don't benefit from distribution.
• Faster Failure Detection: Executor heartbeat timeout reduced from 180s to 30s, enabling the cluster to quickly detect and respond to executor failures.
• Cluster Observability: New metrics and Grafana dashboard for monitoring distributed query clusters.

Spice Cayenne Improvements​

The Spice Cayenne data accelerator exits Beta with significant reliability and performance improvements:

• Staged Append Writes: WAL-based staged append writes prevent partial writes and data loss on stream errors. Batches are written to a WAL file before being committed, ensuring atomicity.
• File-Based Retention Deletes: Time-based retention now supports file-level deletes for both position-based and primary-key tables, reducing I/O overhead compared to row-level deletion.
• Multiple Partition Expressions: Support for composite partitioning with partition_by: [col1, col2] using hierarchical path-like keys (e.g., 2025/10/15).
• Distributed Ingestion: Cayenne catalog now supports distributed ingestion across executor nodes in cluster mode, including UPDATE operations.
• Improved Robustness: Fixed CDC edge case where DELETE + UPSERT sequences could produce duplicate primary keys across protected snapshots. Improved upsert handling during runtime restarts.

DataFusion v52.2.0 Upgrade​

Apache DataFusion has been upgraded to v52.2.0, bringing significant performance improvements, new query features, and enhanced extensibility.

Performance Improvements:

• Faster CASE Expressions: Lookup-table-based evaluation for certain CASE expressions avoids repeated evaluation, accelerating common ETL patterns
• MIN/MAX Aggregate Dynamic Filters: Queries with MIN/MAX aggregates now create dynamic filters during scan to prune files and rows as tighter bounds are discovered during execution
• New Merge Join: Rewritten sort-merge join (SMJ) operator with speedups of three orders of magnitude in pathological cases (e.g., TPC-H Q21: minutes → milliseconds)
• Caching Improvements: New statistics cache for file metadata avoids repeatedly recalculating statistics, significantly improving planning time. A prefix-aware list-files cache accelerates evaluating partition predicates for Hive partitioned tables
• Improved Hash Join Filter Pushdown: Build-side hash map contents are now passed dynamically to probe-side scans for pruning files, row groups, and individual rows

Major Features:

• Sort Pushdown to Scans: Sorts are pushed into data sources, enabling ~30x performance improvement on pre-sorted data with top-K queries. Parquet scans now reverse row group order for DESC queries on ASC-sorted files
• TableProvider supports DELETE and UPDATE: New hooks for DELETE and UPDATE statements in the TableProvider trait, enabling Iceberg and Cayenne connectors to implement SQL DELETE and UPDATE operations
• More Extensible SQL Planning: New RelationPlanner API for extending SQL planning for FROM clauses, enabling support for vendor-specific SQL dialects

DDL Support for Iceberg and Cayenne​

SQL Schema Management: Spice now supports CREATE TABLE and DROP TABLE DDL operations for Iceberg and Cayenne catalogs via FlightSQL and the /v1/sql API. DML validation has been updated for catalog-level writability.

DuckLake Catalog & Data Connector​

Lakehouse-Style Data Management: New DuckLake catalog and data connector enable lakehouse-style data management with DuckDB as the metadata catalog and object storage for data files. DuckLake provides ACID transactions, time travel, and schema evolution on top of Parquet files.

GCS Data Connector (Alpha)​

Google Cloud Storage Support: New Google Cloud Storage data connector enables federated queries against data stored in GCS buckets, with Iceberg table support.

Rust CLI Rewrite​

Unified Single-Binary Experience: The Spice CLI has been completely rewritten from Go to Rust, eliminating the Go dependency and providing a single spice binary built from the same codebase as spiced. This improves startup performance, reduces distribution size, and ensures consistent behavior between CLI and runtime.

Key Features:

• Full Feature Parity: All 27+ CLI commands re-implemented in Rust with identical behavior
• New spice query Command: Interactive REPL for async queries via the /v1/queries API with multi-line SQL input, spinner progress indicator, Ctrl+C cancellation, and partial query ID matching
• --output=json Flag: Machine-readable JSON output for CLI commands, enabling scripting and automation
• spice login --output: New output modes (env, json, keychain) for flexible credential management
• spice cloud metrics: New command for Spice Cloud deployment metrics

Models Included by Default​

Local LLM/ML model inference (via mistral.rs) is now included in the default Spice build. The separate models build variant has been removed. This simplifies installation and ensures all users have access to local AI inference capabilities.

Error Propagation for Dataset and Model Status APIs​

The /v1/datasets and /v1/models APIs now return structured error information when a component is in an Error state. The ?status=true query parameter must be passed to retrieve the real-time component status, including the error state and details. Previously, the status field only indicated Error with no further detail. Now, two new fields are included when ?status=true is specified:

• error: A structured object with category, type, and code fields for programmatic error handling (e.g. { "category": "dataset", "type": "auth", "code": "dataset.auth" }).
• error_message: A human-readable description of why the component entered an error state.

These fields are only present when ?status=true is passed and the component is in an error state.

Example /v1/datasets?status=true response:

[
  {
    "from": "postgres:syncs",
    "name": "daily_journal",
    "replication_enabled": false,
    "acceleration_enabled": true,
    "status": "Ready"
  },
  {
    "from": "databricks:hive_metastore.default.messages",
    "name": "messages",
    "replication_enabled": false,
    "acceleration_enabled": true,
    "status": "Error",
    "error": {
      "category": "dataset",
      "type": "auth",
      "code": "dataset.auth"
    },
    "error_message": "Unable to authenticate with datasource credentials"
  }
]

The spice datasets and spice models CLI commands now include an ERROR column that displays the error message for any component in an error state.

Additional Dependency Upgrades​

Other Improvements​

• Spicepod v2 Support: Spicepods now support version v2, and spice init generates spicepod.yaml files with version: v2 by default while maintaining backward compatibility for existing v1 spicepods.
• x.ai Models: x.ai models now exclusively use the /v1/responses endpoint with rate limiting support.
• HuggingFace Chat Templates: Added support for chat templates in HuggingFace model configurations.
• Databricks SQL Dialect: Added Databricks SQL dialect for DataFusion unparser, improving federation query generation.
• Snowflake: Added snowflake_private_key parameter for key-pair authentication.
• Acceleration Metrics: New rows_written, bytes_written, and dataset_acceleration_size_bytes metrics for acceleration refresh ingestion.
• Refresh SQL UDFs: Core scalar UDFs are now enabled in refresh SQL expressions.
• FlightSQL: Fixed TLS connection handling for grpc+tls:// endpoints with custom CA certificate support.
• FlightSQL: Fixed schema consistency by expanding view types and verifying field names.
• Hash Index: Fixed query correctness when hash index is used with additional filters.
• Results Cache: Fixed schema preservation for empty query results.
• Query Nullability: Reconciled execution stream nullability with logical plan schema.
• Schema Evolution: Graceful handling of schema evolution mismatch errors during data refresh.
• Internal YAML Parser: Replaced deprecated serde_yaml with an internal YAML implementation.

Spicepod v1 to v2 Changes​

Spicepod v2 introduces configuration improvements while maintaining backward compatibility with v1. Existing v1 spicepods continue to work — deprecated fields are automatically migrated at load time.

Version support:

Configuration changes:

New v2 fields:

• runtime.ready_state — Controls when the runtime reports ready (on_load default, or on_registration).
• runtime.flight.do_put_rate_limit_enabled — Enable/disable FlightSQL DoPut rate limiting (default: true).
• runtime.query.spill_compression — Compression for query spill files (e.g., lz4_frame).
• runtime.scheduler.partition_management — Configure partition assignment interval, limits, and timeouts for distributed mode.
• runtime.caching.sql_results.stale_while_revalidate_ttl — Serve stale cached results while revalidating in the background.
• runtime.caching.sql_results.encoding — Cache entry compression (e.g., zstd).
• catalog.access: read_write_create — New access mode for catalogs that support DDL operations.

Migration note: When both the deprecated v1 field and its v2 equivalent are set, the v2 field takes priority.

Contributors​

• @avishafir
• @cluster2600
• @Jeadie
• @krinart
• @lukekim
• @peasee
• @phillipleblanc
• @sgrebnov

Breaking Changes​

• Cayenne and Distributed Query exit Beta: Beta warnings have been removed from documentation and code. Both features are now considered GA-ready.
• Models included by default: The separate models build variant has been removed. Local LLM inference is now always included.
• Spicepod version defaults to v2: New spicepods created with spice init now default to version: v2. Existing v1 spicepods remain supported, and v1beta1 is no longer accepted.
• Windows native builds removed: Native Windows builds are no longer provided. Use WSL for local development instead.
• Metric renames: accelerated_refresh metrics renamed to acceleration_refresh for consistency. last_refresh_time gauge renamed to include milliseconds unit.
• Caching config renamed: ResultsCache replaced with SQLResultsCacheConfig in configuration.
• DuckDB parameter rename: partitioned_write_flush_threshold renamed to partitioned_write_flush_threshold_rows.
• v1/search API: The /v1/search API now always returns an array in matches, even for single results.
• x.ai model endpoint: x.ai models now exclusively use the /v1/responses endpoint.
• Error messages: Error messages across S3 Vectors, ScyllaDB, Snowflake, ClickHouse, and other components have been refactored for clarity and consistency.

Cookbook Updates​

New and updated Spice Cookbook recipes:

• Async Queries: Submit long-running queries asynchronously and retrieve results later.
• DuckLake Catalog Connector: Use DuckLake for lakehouse-style data management with ACID transactions and time travel.

The Spice Cookbook includes 88 recipes to help you get started with Spice quickly and easily.

Upgrading​

To upgrade to v2.0.0-rc.1, use one of the following methods:

CLI:

spice upgrade

Homebrew:

brew upgrade spiceai/spiceai/spice

Docker:

Pull the spiceai/spiceai:2.0.0-rc.1 image:

docker pull spiceai/spiceai:2.0.0-rc.1

For available tags, see DockerHub.

Helm:

helm repo update
helm upgrade spiceai spiceai/spiceai --version 2.0.0-rc.1

AWS Marketplace:

Spice is available in the AWS Marketplace.

What's Changed​

Changelog​

• Add TPC-DS integration tests with S3 source and PostgreSQL acceleration by @phillipleblanc in #9006
• fix(tests): fix flaky/slow/failing unit tests by @phillipleblanc in #9009
• fix: Update benchmark snapshots for DF51 upgrade by @app/github-actions in #9008
• fix: add feature gate to rrf TEST_EMBEDDING_MODEL by @phillipleblanc in #9017
• fix: features check by @phillipleblanc in #9014
• fix: Enable Cayenne acceleration snapshots by @lukekim in #9020
• URL table support by @lukekim in #9018
• ScyllaDB key filter by @lukekim in #8997
• fix: Schema mismatch when using column projection with HTTP caching by @phillipleblanc in #9021
• Add more tests for HTTP caching with columns selection by @sgrebnov in #9025
• HTTP cache snapshots: default to time_interval and fix snapshots_creation_policy: on_change by @sgrebnov in #9026
• Fix duplicate snapshot creation on startup by @sgrebnov in #9029
• Add ScyllaDB and SMB to the README table by @krinart in #9034
• Remove waiting for runtime to be ready before creating snapshot by @krinart in #9033
• Fix snapshot on_change policy to skip when no writes occurred by @sgrebnov in #9028
• Release notes for release release/1.11.0-rc.2 by @krinart in #9016
• ci: use arduino/setup-protoc for official protobuf compiler by @phillipleblanc in #9036
• ci: install unzip on aarch64 runner for arduino/setup-protoc by @phillipleblanc in #9038
• fix: don't fail release if upload to minio fails by @phillipleblanc in #9039
• Add missing protoc step to setup-cc action by @krinart in #9041
• fix: Update Search integration test snapshots by @app/github-actions in #9013
• Fix formula_1 and codebase_community in bird-bench by @Jeadie in #9000
• Cayenne S3 Express One Zone improvements by @lukekim in #9015
• Add zlib1g-dev to CI by @lukekim in #9052
• Improve validation and logging for hash indexes by @lukekim in #9047
• Upgrade Vortex with CASE-WHEN by @lukekim in #9051
• x.ai models now exclusively use /v1/responses endpoint by @lukekim in #9400
• Improvements for snapshot schema comparison by @krinart in #9401
• v2.0 breaking changes by @lukekim in #9233
• Create PartitionManagementTask for scheduler to update accelerated table partition assignments by @Jeadie in #9378
• refactor(Cayenne): route all write orchestration through CayenneDataSink by @sgrebnov in #9402
• Refactor benchmark to use QueryExecutor trait by @Jeadie in #9418
• feat: Add spidapter build and release workflow by @peasee in #9427
• Testoperator: add support for api-key when connecting to external spice instance by @sgrebnov in #9421
• Initial implementation of Ducklake catalog & data connectors by @lukekim in #9083
• Require aws_lc_rs since jsonwebtoken upgrade by @Jeadie in #9426
• feat: Add spidapter tool by @peasee in #9425
• Add release notes for 1.11.2 patch release by @sgrebnov in #9430
• feat(spidapter): integrate system-adapter-protocol with SCP provisioning by @phillipleblanc in #9434
• Add DuckLake TPCH E2E workflow and federated Spicepod configuration by @lukekim in #9431
• fix(spidapter): use Flight handshake auth instead of x-api-key header by @phillipleblanc in #9435
• [spidapter] Keep only what sparks joy by @Jeadie in #9439
• Refactor binary operator balancing by @Jeadie in #9424
• feat: Add Iceberg DDL support (CREATE TABLE / DROP TABLE) for default catalog override by @phillipleblanc in #9440
• Fix Flight SQL schema consistency: expand view types and verify field names by @sgrebnov in #9438
• Update spidapter for new system-adapter-protocol by @sgrebnov in #9442
• docs: fix typos and syntax errors in style guide and error handling docs by @cluster2600 in #9445
• Add acceleration refresh ingestion metrics (rows_written, bytes_written) by @phillipleblanc in #9461
• Refactor(Cayenne): Replace CatalogError and string based errors with Snafu errors by @sgrebnov in #9403
• Replace deprecated claude-3-5-haiku-latest with claude-haiku-4-5 by @Jeadie in #9492
• Fix #9481: Preserve schema in results cache for empty query results by @phillipleblanc in #9485
• Fix partition by serializing by @Jeadie in #9474
• query: reconcile execution stream nullability with logical plan schema by @phillipleblanc in #9486
• initial spice-cloud-client crate and spice cloud metrics --app <app-name>. by @Jeadie in #9480
• feat: Return dataset error message in datasets API by @peasee in #9487
• Spicebench by @lukekim in #9447
• build(deps): consolidate dependabot dependency updates by @phillipleblanc in #9504
• fix(cluster): route non-partitioned accelerated tables in distributed mode by @phillipleblanc in #9508
• Enable core scalar UDFs in refresh SQL by @sgrebnov in #9502
• Fix metrics in Spidapter again by @Jeadie in #9497
• fix(cluster): tolerate Completed->status propagation race in distributed query handle by @phillipleblanc in #9510
• feat: Support distributed ingestion in cayenne catalog by @peasee in #9506
• Fix Cayenne duplicate primary keys after DELETE + UPSERT CDC sequences by @krinart in #9494
• fix(cluster): rewrite table scans inside subqueries for distributed execution by @phillipleblanc in #9518
• fix: Set catalog mode to readwritecreate in spidapter by @peasee in #9519
• Upgrade AWS SDK crates & set APN user-agent in AWS SDK credential bridge by @lukekim in #8328
• feat(runtime): add runtime ready_state on_registration semantics by @lukekim in #9522
• fix: Add spidapter post-setup retries by @peasee in #9526
• Make partition discovery more robust and make initialization non-blocking by @sgrebnov in #9499
• Make lint-rust-fix support targeted packages and features by @Jeadie in #9511
• Handle new Cloud SCP API by @Jeadie in #9532
• Refactor and simplify streaming benchmarks by @krinart in #9405
• fix: ensure spidapter only increments attempts on failures by @peasee in #9534
• feat: Support specifying app resources in spidapter by @peasee in #9536
• test(runtime): Spice Cayenne DDL integration test by @lukekim in #9535
• fix: Handle schema evolution mismatch errors during data refresh by @lukekim in #9527
• fix: resolve clippy lint warnings by @phillipleblanc in #9547
• pr-builds --tag <TAG> for build_and_release.yml by @Jeadie in #9507
• Add --output flag to spice login with env/json/keychain modes by @Jeadie in #9541
• Don't use 'PartitionedTableScanRewrite' in async distributed query by @Jeadie in #9548
• feat(spidapter): add local backend mode with single executor by @phillipleblanc in #9531
• support chat template in HF by @Jeadie in #9543
• fix(cayenne): stream PK retention deletes and run OOM regression in CI by @phillipleblanc in #9533
• cayenne: Staged append writes to prevent partial writes and data loss on stream error by @sgrebnov in #9491
• AcceleratedTable::scan use FederatedTable::scan when ClusterRole::Scheduler by @Jeadie in #9550
• Upgrade to delta-kernel-rs v0.18.2 by @lukekim in #9528
• Run cayenne tests as part of PR CI by @sgrebnov in #9554
• Upgrade to DataFusion v52.2.0 by @lukekim in #9419
• Remove Snapshot Compaction + Add snapshot existence check by @krinart in #9523
• Update dependencies by @lukekim in #9566
• fix: Update benchmark snapshots by @app/github-actions in #9565
• fix: Compare Cayenne table configuration on startup by @peasee in #9529
• Make Refresh::refresh_sql more robust to alterations over time. by @Jeadie in #9549
• fix: Update datafusion-table-providers dependency to latest revision by @lukekim in #9574
• Unset AWS_ENDPOINT_URL when empty by @krinart in #9575
• fix: allow BytesProcessedExec repartitioning for unordered input by @lukekim in #9540
• Sanitize DataFusion errors by @lukekim in #9530
• Add conditional logging for partition assignments by @Jeadie in #9577
• use 'properly early exit on SIGTERM' by @Jeadie in #9573
• Update datafusion to 52.2.0 by @phillipleblanc in #9582
• Ensure we query one and only one partition per request by @Jeadie in #9416
• feat: Add support for Spicepod version v2 by @lukekim in #9583
• [SpiceDQ] Improve error messages; Avoid race condition on allocate_initial_partitions. by @Jeadie in #9579
• Update ballista dependencies to latest 52.0.0 revision by @lukekim in #9581
• Fix Databricks spark_connect mode always disabled by @phillipleblanc in #9586
• Support partitioning in Arrow accelerator by @Jeadie in #9571
• Fix spice query CLI response deserialization by @phillipleblanc in #9588
• fix: Update benchmark snapshots by @app/github-actions in #9584
• fix: Share RuntimeEnv across Cayenne read/write/delete paths for targeted list_files_cache invalidation by @sgrebnov in #9589
• feat: Add file:// state_location support for async queries scheduler by @phillipleblanc in #9590
• Update endgame links by @krinart in #9598

Full Changelog: https://github.com/spiceai/spiceai/compare/v1.11.2...v2.0.0-rc.1